Unpolarized emissivity of thin oil films over anisotropic Gaussian seas in infrared window regions,”
Appl. Opt. 49, 2116-2131 (2010), by Nicolas Pinel, Christophe Bourlier, and Irina Sergievskaya is online at:
http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-49-11-2116.
Abstract (Modified format for easier online viewing) » Read more..
In: Remote Sensing of Environment, Volume 45, Issue 2, August 1993, Pages 225-231.
by John W. Salisbury a, Dana M. D’Aria a and Floyd F. Sabins Jr.b
aDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore U.S.A.
bChevron Oil Field Research Company, La Habra, California U.S.A.
(Abstract Online)
With all the interest on the Gulf Oil spill and recent accounts of the use by British Petroleum and others of Infrared Thermal Imaging to search for surface oil slicks, it seemed very timely to be sure we had included some links and summaries of articles dealing with the thermal Infrared optical properties of crude oil on seawater.
Article Abstract » Read more..
Novel approach to assess the emissivity of the human skin
J. Biomed. Opt., Vol. 14, 024006 (2009); DOI:10.1117/1.3086612 Published 6 March 2009
by: Francisco J. Sanchez-Marin, Sergio Calixto-Carrera, and Carlos Villaseñor-Mora
Centro de investigaciones en optica, Loma del Bosque 115, Lomas del Campestre, Leon, Guanajuato 37150, Mexico
Abstract:
To study the radiation emitted by the human skin, the emissivity of its surface must be known. We present a new approach to measure the emissivity of the human skin in vivo. Our method is based on the calculation of the difference of two infrared images: one acquired before projecting a CO2 laser beam on the surface of the skin and the other after such projection. The difference image contains the radiation reflected by the skin, which is used to calculate the emissivity, making use of Kirchhoff’s law and the Helmholtz reciprocity relation. With our method, noncontact measurements are achieved, and the determination of the skin temperature is not needed, which has been an inconvenience for other methods. We show that it is possible to make determinations of the emissivity at specific wavelengths. Last, our results confirm that the human skin obeys Lambert’s law of diffuse reflection and that it behaves almost like a blackbody at a wavelength of 10.6 µm.
Editor’s Note: Back in the 1960s there were several serious projects mounted by the US Army Medical Research Laboratory’s BioPhysics Division on determining injury thresholds of laser radiation on human skin analogs. The article “THRESHOLD LESIONS INDUCED IN PORCINE SKIN BY CO2 LASER RADIATION” by Brownell, Arnold S. ; Parr, Wordie H. ; Hysell, David K. ; Dedrick, Robert, USAMRL Report No. 7327, June 1967, is available as a pdf download at: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD659347.
Although not fully described in the article, the measured results compared favorably with a semi-infinite solid model of heat conduction for a surface that was essentially black (10.6 micron spectral absorptivity or emissivity very close to 1.0) or fully absorbing at 10.6 microns. This editor was a member of the USAMRL BioPhysics Division staff at that time and helped with the dosimetry of the experiments described.
Part One of Two from the mind of FLIR
It health partners pharmacies starts:
Fill two soda cans with hot water and wrap one with scotch tape. Which one will radiate more heat?
You might be surprised at the answer
(It has all to do with Spectral Emissivity, although this video continues the illusion that it’s really simple “Emissivity” at work! The concept of Emissivity is simple and easy to grasp as the video shows. The understanding is a bit more difficult and begins when one realizes that it is really Spectral Emissivity.)
But looking beyond that technical fine point, the video illustrates two other things: » Read more..
At Elevated Temperatures
Developed by ASTM Subcommittee: E21.04, on Space Simulation Test Methods, and in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 15.0 Space Simulation; Aerospace and Aircraft; Composite Materials
Quoting from the standard’s Scope:
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes a highly accurate technique for measuring the normal spectral emittance of electrically conducting materials or materials with electrically conducting substrates, in the temperature range from 600 to 1400 K, and at wavelengths from 1 to 35 ?m.
1.2 The test method requires expensive equipment and rather elaborate precautions, but produces data that are accurate to within a few percent. It is suitable for research laboratories where the highest precision and accuracy are desired, but is not recommended for routine production or acceptance testing. However, because of its high accuracy this test method can be used as a referee method to be applied to production and acceptance testing in cases of dispute…
Obtaining directly from ASTM International has two options:
1. Buy Standard (PDF): 6 pages $ 37.00 US (In PDF format, this active standard is the most current version published by ASTM. You will download the file after you check out of the ASTM Store.)
2. Buy Standard (Print): 6 pages $ 37.00 US (In printed format, this active standard is the most current version published by ASTM. After you place your order, ASTM will print this standard and deliver it to your ship-to address by common carrier.)
Ordering Options Outside of the United State. has many more: Click here: (http://www.astm.org/IMAGES03/InterNatDist.pdf)
The Table of Emissivity on the INFRAPOINT Messtechnik GmbH website, posted in 2009 (No longer available online) had summary data for a wide variety of materials broken down into three distinct spectral regions for the wavelength regions where the majority of infrared radiation thermometers and Infrared Thermal Imaging cameras operate.
First and second are tables that deal with the narrow spectral bands about 0.9 µm and 1.6 µm, the regions where many Silicon (Si) photovoltaic detectors (peak wavelength response: (0.9 µm) and both Germanium (Ge) and Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) (nominal wavelength region (0.7 – 1.6 µm) are used.
The third table cover the 8 – 14 µm waveband where most “low” (near ambient) temperature IR thermometers and thermal imaging sensors operate.
It has been reproduced here below in the spirit of Internet openness from our archives. We hope there is no problem in doing so and if any heir or assigns of INFRAPOINT Messtechnik GmbH wishes to keep this information secret, obviously against the original intent of INFRAPOINT, please contact us according to our webpage contact information.
| Table of emissivity | |||||||
| The emissivity ? (radiant emittance factor) is the relationship of the radiated intensity of a body to the intensity of a blackbody of the same temperature. It is the most important factor, in order to determine of an item exactly. If you want to measure the surface temperature with an infrared thermometer the emissivity must be known and correct adjusted |
|||||||
| Material | Emissivity | Material | Emissivity | ||||
| Metals | Wavelength 0.9 µm |
Wavelength 1.6 µm |
Non metals | Wavelength 8 – 14 µm |
|||
| Aluminium, bright | 0.05 – 0.25 | 0.05 – 0.25 | Asphalt | 0.95 | |||
| Aluminium, anodized | 0.2 – 0.4 | 0.1 – 0.4 | Concrete | 0.95 | |||
| Chrom, bright | 0.28 – 0.32 | 0.25 – 0.3 | Gypsum | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Iron, oxidised | 0.4 – 0.8 | 0.5 – 0.9 | Graphite | 0.75 – 0.92 | |||
| Iron, not oxidised | 0.35 | 0.1 – 0.3 | Glass*, pane | 0.80 | |||
| Gold, bright | 0.02 | 0.02 | Rubber | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Copper, bright | 0.06 – 0.20 | 0.06 – 0.20 | Wood, natural | 0.8 – 0.95 | |||
| Copper, oxidised | 0.5 – 0.8 | 0.7 – 0.85 | Chalk | 0.98 | |||
| Magnesium | 0.03 – 0.8 | 0.05 – 0.3 | Ceramics | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Brass, bright | 0.8 – 0.95 | 0.01 – 0.05 | Plastics | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Brass, oxidised | 0.65 – 0.75 | 0.65 – 0.75 | Masonry | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Nickel, oxidised | 0.8 – 0.9 | 0.4 – 0.7 | Human skin | 0.98 | |||
| Platinum, black | - | 0,95 | Oil paints | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Silver | 0.02 | 0.02 | Paper | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Steel, melted | 0.30 | 0.20 – 0.25 | Porcelain | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Steel, oxidised | 0.8 – 0.9 | 0.8 – 0.9 | Quartz | 0.8 | |||
| Steel, bright | 0.40 - 0.45 | 0.30 – 0.4 | Carbon black | 0.95 | |||
| Titanium, bright | 0.5 – 0.75 | 0.3 – 0.5 | Chamotte | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Titanium, oxidised | - | 0.6 – 0.8 | Textile, Drapery | 0.85 – 0.95 | |||
| Zinc, bright | 0.6 | 0.4 – 0.6 | Tone | 0.95 | |||
| Zinc, oxidised | 0.5 | 0.05 | Water | 0.95 | |||
| Tin | 0.25 | 0.1 – 0.3 | Cement | 0.9 | |||
| * The emissivity of glass (0.95 – 0.97 µm) is in the range of 4.5 – 7 µm particularly high. Glass has there an absorption band (spectral range, where materials absorb radiation). To measure glass surface temperatures, the best wavelength is at 5.14 µm, because the measurement at this range is not affected by absorption bands such as carbon or hydrogen. |
Spectral emissivity of skin and pericardium by J Steketee 1973 Phys. Med. Biol. 18 686-694 doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/18/5/307 Help
J Steketee, Department of Biological and Medical Physics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Abstract.
A monochromator was modified to measure the emissivity, ?(?), of living tissue in the infrared region between 1 and 14 ?m. The infrared radiation from the tissue was compared with blackbody radiation and in this way ?(?) has been determined for white skin, black skin, burnt skin and pericardium.
A compensating skin thermometer was constructed to measure the temperature of the surface of the tissue. The temperature difference before and after contact between a gold ring and the surface was made as small as possible (0.05 K). A reference radiator with the same spectral radiance (experimentally determined) mas used in compensating for the environment.
It appeared that ?(?) for skin is independent of the wavelength and equal to 0.98+-0.01. These results contradict those of Elam, Goodwin and Lloyd Williams, but are in good agreement with those of Hardy and Watmough and Oliver.
In addition there was no difference between ?(?) for normal skin and burnt skin. Epicardium values were found to lie between 0.83 (fresh heart) and 0.90 (after 7 h and after 9 d).
Print publication: Issue 5 (September 1973)
PDF (504 KB)
Reference Title:Non-contact skin emissivity: measurement from reflectance using step change in ambient radiation temperature Citation: T Togawa 1989 Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas. 10 39-48 doi: 10.1088/0143-0815/10/1/004
Article by T Togawa of Inst. for Med. & Dental Eng., Tokyo Med. & Dental Univ., Japan
Abstract.
A method of estimating skin emissivity based on reflectance measurement upon transient stepwise change in the ambient radiation temperature was proposed. To effect this change, two shades at different temperatures were switched mechanically, and the change in radiation from the skin surface was recorded through an aperture for each shade by a high-resolution, fast-response radiometer having a sensitivity the 8-14 mu m range. Measurements were made on the forehead, forearm, palm and back of the hand in 10 male and 10 female subjects. No significant differences in emissivity were observed among sites and between sexes. The overall average of the skin emissivity obtained was 0.971+or-0.005 (SD). This result is inconsistent with most reported skin emissivity values. However, as the former studies had many inherent inadequacies, both theoretical and experimental, it is considered that most of these reported skin emissivities are unacceptable. The method proposed in the study has the following advantages: (1) relative calibration between instruments in unnecessary, (2) noncontact measurement can be achieved, and (3) each measurement can be made within one minute.
Available for purchase as a PDF (652 KB) downloadable document from the IOP website in the UK.
Temporal variations in the apparent emissivity of various materials
Author: Salvaggio, C.; Miller, D.P.
Author URL: www.cis.rit.edu/~cnspci/publications/5425-29.pdf
Year: 2004
Abstract:
Spectral emissivity measurements gathered in the longwave infrared region of the spectrum during a recent airborne hyperspectral data collection experiment indicated that the spectral emissivity of certain organic polymers changed by as much as 10% throughout the day. Inorganic and many other organic materials that were measured at the same time during this experiment showed no change. As this was an unexpected event, a subsequent experiment was designed to make emissivity measurements of several organic and inorganic materials over a 24-hour period/diurnal cycle. The results from this experiment confirmed that certain materials showed a significant spectral emissivity variation over this period. This paper will discuss some possible explanations for this variation and emphasize the significance and implications of this fact on the integrity of spectral emissivity measurements and spectral libraries being constructed in this wavelength region.
Citation Data:
Sensor Data Exploitation and Target Recognition, Algorithms and Technologies for Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Ultraspectral Imagery X, Proceedings of the SPIE, Vol. 5425, Orlando, FL, April 2004
http://www.cis.rit.edu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=71&Itemid=95&from=page&library_id=859
By Andrew R. Korb, Peter Dybwad, Winthrop Wadsworth, and John W. Salisbury
ABSTRACT
A hand-held, battery-powered Fourier transform infrared spectroradiometer weighing 12.5 kg has been developed for the field measurement of spectral radiance from the Earth’s surface and atmosphere in the 3–5-µm and 8–14-µm atmospheric windows, with a 6-cm21 spectral resolution. Other versions of this instrument measure spectral radiance between 0.4 and 20 µm, using different optical materials and detectors, with maximum spectral resolutions of 1 cm21. The instrument tested here has a measured noise-equivalent delta T of 0.01 °C, and it measures surface emissivities, in the ?eld, with an accuracy of 0.02 or better in the 8–14-µm window 1depending on atmospheric conditions2, and within 0.04 in accessible regions of the 3–5-µm window. The unique, patented design of the interferometer has permitted operation in weather ranging from 0 to 45 °C and 0 to 100% relative humidity, and in vibration-intensive environments such as moving helicopters. The instrument has made field measurements of radiance and emissivity for 3 yr without loss of optical alignment. We describe the design of the instrument and discuss methods used to calibrate spectral radiance and calculate spectral emissivity from radiance measurements. Examples of emissivity spectra are shown for both the 3–5-µm and 8–14-µm atmospheric windows.
Key words: Fourier transform infrared spectroradiometer, portable spectrometer, infrared radiance
measurement, radiometric calibration, spectral emissivity calculation.
Reference: Korb, A.R., P. Dybwad, W. Wadsworth, and J.W. Salisbury, 1996, Portable Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer for Field Measurements of Radiance and Emissivity, Applied Optics, v.35, p.1679-1692. http://www.dpinstruments.com/papers/applied_optics_update.pdf
Copyright 1996 Optical Society of America
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